DunedinPACE

epigenetic method · published 2022 · measured from blood (DNA methylation, Illumina array)

epigenetic open Output: Pace of aging (ratio; 1.0 = one year of biological aging per calendar year)

Facts

Method type	epigenetic
Published	2022
Sample type	blood (DNA methylation, Illumina array)
Output	Pace of aging (ratio; 1.0 = one year of biological aging per calendar year)
Validated population	Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study (New Zealand birth cohort, born 1972-73); replicated in independent external cohorts within the same paper
Open or commercial	open
Formula publicly available	Yes — Published DunedinPACE R package (open source algorithm)

Required inputs

Genome-wide DNA methylation array (blood)

Original publication

Belsky DW, Caspi A, Corcoran DL, Sugden K, Poulton R, Arseneault L, Baccarelli A, Chamarti K, Gao X, Hannon E, Harrington HL, Houts R, Kothari M, Kwon D, Mill J, Schwartz J, Vokonas P, Wang C, Williams BS, Moffitt TE. DunedinPACE, a DNA methylation biomarker of the pace of aging. eLife. 2022;11:e73420.
DOI: 10.7554/eLife.73420 · PMID: 35029144

Limitations

Trained on a single New Zealand birth cohort with repeated-measures phenotypic decline as the outcome.
Measures rate of change, not a cumulative 'age' value — not directly comparable to PhenoAge or GrimAge output.