Biological age measurement methods
Structured, source-cited data on published biological age methods. No pricing, no recommendations — just what each method measures, requires, and where it comes from.
PhenoAge (Levine Phenotypic Age)
blood-based- Published
- 2018
- Sample/input
- blood (serum/plasma, routine CBC + chemistry panel)
- Output
- PhenoAge (years); Phenotypic Age Advancement (PhenoAge minus chronological age)
- Open/commercial
- open
GrimAge
epigenetic- Published
- 2019
- Sample/input
- blood (DNA methylation, Illumina array)
- Output
- GrimAge (years); DNAm-based mortality risk estimate
- Open/commercial
- both
DunedinPACE
epigenetic- Published
- 2022
- Sample/input
- blood (DNA methylation, Illumina array)
- Output
- Pace of aging (ratio; 1.0 = one year of biological aging per calendar year)
- Open/commercial
- open
Klemera-Doubal Biological Age (KDM)
blood-based- Published
- 2006
- Sample/input
- blood (routine chemistry panel; panel composition varies by implementation)
- Output
- Biological age (years)
- Open/commercial
- open
GlycanAge
blood-based- Published
- 2014
- Sample/input
- blood (plasma/serum IgG glycan analysis)
- Output
- GlycanAge score
- Open/commercial
- commercial
- Published
- 2023
- Sample/input
- retina (fundus image)
- Output
- Retinal age; retinal age gap (retinal age minus chronological age)
- Open/commercial
- open
Method landscape
Which inputs each published method uses, and what it outputs.
| Method | Blood | DNA methylation | Imaging | Routine biomarkers | Output |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PhenoAge (Levine Phenotypic Age) | ✓ | — | — | ✓ | years |
| GrimAge | ✓ | ✓ | — | — | years |
| DunedinPACE | ✓ | ✓ | — | — | pace |
| Klemera-Doubal Biological Age (KDM) | ✓ | — | — | ✓ | years |
| GlycanAge | ✓ | — | — | — | score |
| Retinal age (deep-learning retinal aging clock) | — | — | ✓ | — | years |