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Biological age measurement methods

Structured, source-cited data on published biological age methods. No pricing, no recommendations — just what each method measures, requires, and where it comes from.

PhenoAge (Levine Phenotypic Age)

blood-based
Published
2018
Sample/input
blood (serum/plasma, routine CBC + chemistry panel)
Output
PhenoAge (years); Phenotypic Age Advancement (PhenoAge minus chronological age)
Open/commercial
open

GrimAge

epigenetic
Published
2019
Sample/input
blood (DNA methylation, Illumina array)
Output
GrimAge (years); DNAm-based mortality risk estimate
Open/commercial
both

DunedinPACE

epigenetic
Published
2022
Sample/input
blood (DNA methylation, Illumina array)
Output
Pace of aging (ratio; 1.0 = one year of biological aging per calendar year)
Open/commercial
open

Klemera-Doubal Biological Age (KDM)

blood-based
Published
2006
Sample/input
blood (routine chemistry panel; panel composition varies by implementation)
Output
Biological age (years)
Open/commercial
open

GlycanAge

blood-based
Published
2014
Sample/input
blood (plasma/serum IgG glycan analysis)
Output
GlycanAge score
Open/commercial
commercial

Retinal age (deep-learning retinal aging clock)

imaging
Published
2023
Sample/input
retina (fundus image)
Output
Retinal age; retinal age gap (retinal age minus chronological age)
Open/commercial
open

Method landscape

Which inputs each published method uses, and what it outputs.

MethodBloodDNA methylationImagingRoutine biomarkersOutput
PhenoAge (Levine Phenotypic Age)✓——✓years
GrimAge✓✓——years
DunedinPACE✓✓——pace
Klemera-Doubal Biological Age (KDM)✓——✓years
GlycanAge✓———score
Retinal age (deep-learning retinal aging clock)——✓—years